ABSTRACT
Background: Macrophages are immune cells with diverse profiles and functions. Macrophages play significant roles in the repair and resolution of inflammatory and reactive lesions. They secrete cytokines and modulate the tissue microenvironment and surrounding cellular responses. Objectives: The present article reviews the histological presentation and role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of oral inflammatory and benign lesion. Materials and Methods: Data was collected by electronic search of databases including PubMed and Google Scholar for Mac- rophages, Periapical Granuloma, Mucocele, and Verruciform Xanthoma. Result: Distinct profiles of macrophages participate in regulation of pathogenesis, lesion size, and resolution of periapical lesions. In trauma-associated reactive or benign lesions, macrophages show phagocytosis and exhibit characteristic foamy his- tological appearance. The immunohistochemical profiles of macrophages aid in identifying the surface receptors and profiles of macrophages in oral lesions. Conclusion: Identifying and understanding macrophage-mediated pathogenesis can help diagnose and develop targeted therapies against various oral lesions.
ABSTRACT
Verruciform xanthoma (VX) is a rare, benign lesion that presents in the oral cavity, skin, or genital organs as a verrucous, papillomatous, or flat papule with varying colors. VX has indistinct clinical features, making histopathological examination necessary for a definitive diagnosis. Histologically, VX is characterized by parakeratosis, rete ridges with uniform depth, and an accumulation of the foam cells, which are also known as the "xanthoma cells". These foam cells test positive for antibodies, such as CD-68 and vimentin; it is thought that VX foam cells are derived from the monocyte-macrophage lineage, and that VX's pathogenic mechanism is partly related to an immune mechanism. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of VX remains unclear. VX can be treated by surgical excision; other medical, chemical, and radiological treatments are not required postoperatively. Recurrence and malignant transformation of VX are rare. Two patients, each with a mass of unknown origin on the palatal gingiva, were presented at our clinic. Excisional biopsies of the masses were performed for a histological diagnosis after clinical and radiological examinations. Histological examination confirmed a diagnosis of VX in both cases.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antibodies , Biopsy , Diagnosis , Foam Cells , Genitalia , Gingiva , Mouth , Parakeratosis , Recurrence , Skin , Vimentin , XanthomatosisABSTRACT
Leukoplakia is a fixed, predominantly white-lesion of the mucosa. It is most often seen on the oral and anogenital mucosa. Leukoplakia should be biopsied to determine the true histopathologic diagnosis. Verruciform xanthoma is composed of asymptomatic, usually solitary, flat plaques or warty lesions. They may vary in color from gray to pink or yellow. Its pathogenesis is still unknown and usual site is the oral cavity. Histopathologically, it is characterized by verrucous epidermal hyperplasia with aggregates of foam cells in the dermal papillae. A review of literature indicated that verruciform xanthoma presenting as a whitish plaque on the lower lip was very rare. We describe a 70-year-old woman with verruciform xanthoma who presented with a whitish plaque on her lower lip.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Diagnosis , Foam Cells , Hyperplasia , Leukoplakia , Lip , Mouth , Mucous Membrane , XanthomatosisABSTRACT
Verruciform Xanthoma(VX) is a rare disease of unknown etiology that is typically solitary and predominantly located within the oral cavity. It is usually not associated with other lesions or metabolic abnormalities. Histologic features include acanthosis with uniform elongation of the rete ridges and xanthomatous cells that lie in are and typically confined to the papillary dermis. We report a rare case of multiple verruciform xanthoma that occurs in oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract simultaneously.
Subject(s)
Dermis , Gastrointestinal Tract , Mouth , Rare Diseases , XanthomatosisABSTRACT
Verruciform xanthoma is a rare benign skin or mucosal lesion characterized by verrucous epithelial proliferation accompanied by a prominent replacement of the dermal papillae with foamy histiocytes. The majority of the cases occur on the oral mucosa, but other sites, particularly the genital region, may be involved. Genital verruciform xanthoma can simulate other benign or malignant skin conditions. We describe a 68-year-old man who presented yellow to skin-colored verrucous nodule on the scrotum of which histopathologic findings showed characteristics of verruciform xanthoma.
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Histiocytes , Mouth Mucosa , Scrotum , Skin , XanthomatosisABSTRACT
Verruciform xanthoma is a rare benign lesion characterized by verrucous epidermal hyperplasia with aggregates of foam cells in dermal papillae. The pathogenesis is still unknown. Although most verruciform xanthoma tend to occur as isolated lesions, several have been associated with other conditions including squamous cell carcinoma and epidermal atypia. We describe a case of verruciform xanthoma associated with epidermal atypia.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Foam Cells , Hyperplasia , XanthomatosisABSTRACT
We experienced a case of 16-year-old female with verruciform xanthoma transformed from lesions of epidermal nevus syndrome. The biopsy specimen of yellowish brown to red verrucous papule on the right buttock showed 1) uniform and verrucous acanthosis without cytological atypia, 2) parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis,3) variable foci of superficial necrosis with crusting and microabscess in the granular layer, 4) rete ridge elongation and papillomatosis, 5) characteristic foam cells located within the papillary dermis, but not below the rete ridges. Our case was diagnosed verruciform xanthoma by histopathologic finding which occured as a secondary development in lesions of epidermal nevus syndrome.